Title |
The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic
|
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Published in |
Science, August 2014
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DOI | 10.1126/science.1255832 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Maanasa Raghavan, Michael DeGiorgio, Anders Albrechtsen, Ida Moltke, Pontus Skoglund, Thorfinn S Korneliussen, Bjarne Grønnow, Martin Appelt, Hans Christian Gulløv, T Max Friesen, William Fitzhugh, Helena Malmström, Simon Rasmussen, Jesper Olsen, Linea Melchior, Benjamin T Fuller, Simon M Fahrni, Thomas Stafford, Vaughan Grimes, M A Priscilla Renouf, Jerome Cybulski, Niels Lynnerup, Marta Mirazon Lahr, Kate Britton, Rick Knecht, Jette Arneborg, Mait Metspalu, Omar E Cornejo, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Yong Wang, Morten Rasmussen, Vibha Raghavan, Thomas V O Hansen, Elza Khusnutdinova, Tracey Pierre, Kirill Dneprovsky, Claus Andreasen, Hans Lange, M Geoffrey Hayes, Joan Coltrain, Victor A Spitsyn, Anders Götherström, Ludovic Orlando, Toomas Kivisild, Richard Villems, Michael H Crawford, Finn C Nielsen, Jørgen Dissing, Jan Heinemeier, Morten Meldgaard, Carlos Bustamante, Dennis H O'Rourke, Mattias Jakobsson, M Thomas P Gilbert, Rasmus Nielsen, Eske Willerslev |
Abstract |
The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 24 | 20% |
Canada | 9 | 8% |
United Kingdom | 7 | 6% |
India | 3 | 3% |
Japan | 2 | 2% |
Mexico | 2 | 2% |
Russia | 2 | 2% |
Denmark | 2 | 2% |
Norway | 2 | 2% |
Other | 15 | 13% |
Unknown | 51 | 43% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 80 | 67% |
Scientists | 32 | 27% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 4 | 3% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 8 | 2% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Finland | 2 | <1% |
Denmark | 2 | <1% |
Chile | 2 | <1% |
Mexico | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Other | 6 | 1% |
Unknown | 418 | 93% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 112 | 25% |
Researcher | 78 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 64 | 14% |
Student > Master | 48 | 11% |
Professor | 21 | 5% |
Other | 71 | 16% |
Unknown | 55 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 164 | 37% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 72 | 16% |
Social Sciences | 31 | 7% |
Arts and Humanities | 28 | 6% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 22 | 5% |
Other | 69 | 15% |
Unknown | 63 | 14% |